Mastering Encapsulation and Polymorphism in Python: A Practical Guide

Unlock the Power of Object-Oriented Programming with Ease

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a fundamental paradigm in software development, and Python embraces it wholeheartedly. Two key concepts in OOP are encapsulation and polymorphism, which are essential for writing clean, maintainable, and extensible code.

In this article, we’ll explore these concepts with practical examples, helping you level up your Python skills.

Encapsulation: Hiding Implementation Details

Encapsulation is the practice of bundling data and methods together within a class, and controlling access to them through well-defined interfaces. This concept promotes code organization, data integrity, and code reusability. Let’s start with a simple example:

class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, name, balance):
        self.__name = name  # Private attribute
        self.__balance = balance  # Private attribute

    def deposit(self, amount):
        self.__balance += amount
        print(f"Deposited {amount} into {self.__name}'s account.")

    def withdraw(self, amount):
        if self.__balance >= amount:
            self.__balance -= amount
            print(f"Withdrew {amount} from…